Chapter 4 1 min read
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User and Permission Management

Linux Administration · BCA · Updated Apr 23, 2026

Table of Contents

User and Permission Management

User management controls system access. Proper management is fundamental to Linux security.

User Accounts

useradd, usermod, userdel, passwd. Info in /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow. UID 0 is root. Regular users UID 1000+.

Groups

groupadd, usermod -aG group user. Defined in /etc/group. Primary and supplementary groups. Assign permissions to groups, not individual users.

sudo

Run commands as root. Configured in /etc/sudoers (edit with visudo). Use sudo instead of root login. Logs all commands for auditing. Granular permissions possible.

File Permissions

rwx for owner/group/others (755 = rwxr-xr-x). SUID (4000): execute as owner. SGID (2000): execute as group. Sticky bit (1000): only owner can delete in directory.

ACLs

Fine-grained permissions beyond owner/group/others. setfacl sets, getfacl views. Grant specific permissions to specific users/groups without changing ownership.

PAM

Pluggable Authentication Modules: flexible authentication framework. Handles authentication, account, password, session. Config in /etc/pam.d/. Integrates LDAP, 2FA, password policies.

Summary

User and permission management controls access and security. Users, groups, sudo, permissions, ACLs, and PAM enable secure Linux systems.

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