Leadership and Motivation
Leadership influences people toward common goals. Motivation drives people to act. Effective leaders understand what motivates their teams and adapt their style.
Leadership Theories
Trait theory: innate qualities (intelligence, confidence). Behavioural theory: learned behaviour (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire). Contingency theory: depends on situation (Fiedler, Hersey-Blanchard). Transformational leaders inspire and create change.
Leadership Styles
Autocratic: leader decides alone (fast but low morale). Democratic: shared decisions (high morale, slower). Laissez-faire: minimal direction (creative freedom, may lack focus). Servant leadership: leader serves the team. Situational: adapts to team maturity.
Maslow's Hierarchy
Physiological → safety → social/belonging → esteem → self-actualisation. Lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs motivate. Managers must understand which level employees are at.
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
Hygiene factors (salary, conditions, security) prevent dissatisfaction but don't motivate. Motivators (achievement, recognition, responsibility, growth) create satisfaction and motivation.
Other Theories
McGregor's Theory X/Y: X assumes lazy workers (control); Y assumes self-motivated (empowerment). Expectancy theory (Vroom): expectancy × instrumentality × valence. Equity theory: people seek fair treatment relative to others.
Team Management
Tuckman's stages: forming → storming → norming → performing → adjourning. Effective teams need clear goals, diverse skills, open communication, mutual trust, and conflict resolution.
Summary
Leadership and motivation are interlinked. Understanding styles, motivation theories, and team dynamics enables managers to inspire teams toward organizational goals.