Chapter 5 1 min read
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Monte Carlo Simulation

Simulation and Modeling · BCA · Updated Apr 23, 2026

Table of Contents

Monte Carlo Simulation

Monte Carlo uses repeated random sampling to estimate mathematical quantities.

Basic Principle

Generate random inputs, compute outputs, aggregate over many trials. Law of large numbers ensures convergence.

Estimating Integrals

Sample-based integration works for high-dimensional problems. Error decreases as 1/√N.

Estimating π

Random points in unit square. Fraction inside quarter-circle approximates π/4.

Variance Reduction

Antithetic variates, control variates, stratified sampling, importance sampling improve accuracy.

Applications

Finance (option pricing), physics, engineering (reliability), ML (MCMC), optimisation (simulated annealing).

Summary

Monte Carlo is versatile for numerical estimation using random sampling.

Related Notes

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