Chapter 8 1 min read
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Legal and Ethical Issues in E-Commerce

E-Commerce · BCA · Updated Apr 23, 2026

Table of Contents

Legal and Ethical Issues in E-Commerce

E-Commerce operates across jurisdictions raising complex legal and ethical questions.

Cyber Law

Nepal's Electronic Transactions Act (ETA) 2063 provides legal recognition for e-records and digital signatures. UNCITRAL Model Law internationally.

Intellectual Property

Copyright (content, software), trademarks (brands, domains), patents (business methods), trade secrets. Digital piracy and counterfeiting are challenges.

Privacy

GDPR (EU), CCPA (California). Consent, right to access/delete, breach notification, data minimisation. Transparent privacy policies required.

Consumer Protection

Protection against fraud, misleading advertising, defective products. Accurate info, secure transactions, fair returns, dispute resolution.

Taxation

Sales tax/VAT varies by jurisdiction. Digital goods taxation evolving. Cross-border nexus questions. Nepal requires VAT on e-commerce.

Ethics

Algorithmic bias, dark patterns, environmental impact, digital divide, gig economy labour practices.

Summary

Legal and ethical compliance is foundational for sustainable, trustworthy E-Commerce.

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